转一个，元宵节知识

仅关

 

元宵快到，转一个，给海外的朋友增加一点民俗常识。 其实就是玩玩，现在国内的，即是老人也未必都知道！ 顺祝大家元宵快乐！

刚刚度过浪漫满城的西洋情人节，又迎来中国传统的元宵佳节了。现代人，特别是年轻人对元宵看灯、偷青、吃熏鱼的习俗似乎已经不那么在意了，或许被我们淡忘的还不止这些。那些元宵节习俗您还记得多少？这里说来跟大家一起分享吧！    每年农历的正月十五，春节刚过，迎来的就是中国的传统节日——元宵节。元宵节，家家户户自制元宵。元宵古称“浮元子”，是一种雅俗共尝，甜而不腻，脍灸人口的民间小吃，全国流行。“星灿乌云里，珠浮浊水中”。“轻圆绝胜鸡头肉，涌腻偏宜蟹眼汤”。古诗人如此描摩元宵圆，难怪此物历经千年，风行不衰。      相传西汉平定“诸吕”，汉文帝元月十五日开基，定为元宵节。举国上下张灯结彩，欢度佳节。深宫皇室，大家闺秀也可上街看观灯游玩。事实上，元宵节俗的形成有一个较长的过程，据史料与民俗传说，正月十五在汉武帝已经受到重视，史料记载武帝正月上辛夜在甘泉宫祭祀“太一”的活动（太一：主宰世界一切的神），被后人视作正月十五祭祀天神的先声。不过，正月十五真正作为民俗节日是在汉魏之后。东汉佛教文化的传入，对于形成过元宵节的风俗有着重要的推动意义。   汉明帝永平年间（公元58——175年），因明帝提倡佛法，适逢蔡愔从印度求得佛法归来，称印度摩喝陀国每逢正月十五，僧众云集瞻仰佛舍利，是参佛的吉日良辰。汉明帝为了弘扬佛法，下令正月十五夜在宫中和寺院“燃灯表佛”。因此正月十五夜燃灯的习俗随着佛教文化影响的扩大及道教文化的加入逐渐在中国扩展开来。    也有说元宵节起源于“火把节”。汉代民众在乡间田野持火把驱赶虫兽，希望减轻虫害，祈祷获得好收成。直到今天，中国西南一些地区的人们还在正月十五用芦柴或树枝做成火把，成群结队高举火把在田头或晒谷场跳舞。隋、唐、宋以来，更是盛极一时。参加歌舞者足达数万，从昏达旦，至晦而罢。当随着社会和时代的变迁，元宵节的风俗习惯早已有了较大的变化，但至今仍是中国民间传统节日。     另有一说是元宵燃灯的习俗起源于道教的“三元说”。正月十五日为上元节，七月十五日为中元节，十月十五日为下元节。主管上、中、下三元的分别为天、地、人三官。天官喜乐，故上元节要燃灯。元宵节的节期与节俗活动，是随历史的发展而延长、扩展的。就节期长短而言，汉代才一天，到唐代已为三天，宋代则长达五天，明代更是自初八点灯，一直到正月十七的夜里才落灯，整整十天。与春节相接，白昼为市，热闹非凡，夜间燃灯，蔚为壮观。特别是那精巧、多彩的灯火，更使其成为春节期间娱乐活动的高潮。至清代，又增加了舞龙、舞狮、跑旱船、踩高跷、扭秧歌等“百戏”内容，只是节期缩短为四到五天。 一些元宵节的习俗    自从元宵张灯之俗形成以后，历朝历代都以正月十五张灯观灯为一大盛事。唐代的灯市还出现乐舞百戏表演，成千上万的宫女，民间少女在灯火下载歌载舞，叫做行歌、踏歌。明清两代的灯市上除有灯谜与百戏歌舞之外，又增设了戏曲表演的内容。     历代人们除游灯市外，又有迎紫姑祭厕神、过桥摸钉走百病等习俗，有击太平鼓、秧歌、高跷、舞龙、舞狮等游戏。划旱船，民间传说是为了纪念治水有功的大禹的。划旱船也称跑旱船，就是在陆地上模仿船行功作，表演跑旱船的大多是姑娘。   “猜灯谜”又叫“打灯谜”，是元宵节后增的一项活动，如今每逢元宵节，各个地方都打出灯谜，希望今年能喜气洋洋的，平平安安的。因为谜语能启迪智慧又饶有兴趣，所以流传过程中深受社会各阶层的欢迎。    元宵节吃元宵，是全国各地的共同风俗。这种食品最早出现在宋代，诗人姜白石在一首《咏元宵》的诗中写道："贵客钩帘看御街，市中珍品一时来。“这”市中珍品"即指元宵。宋人周必大也曾写过一首《元宵煮浮圆子》诗：今夕是何夕，团圆事事同。汤官巡旧味，灶婢诧新功。星灿乌云里，珠浮浊水中。岁时编杂咏，附此说家风。  祭门、祭户   古代有“七祭”，这是其中的两种。祭祀的方法是，把杨树枝插在门户上方，在盛有豆粥的碗里插上一双筷子，或者直接将酒肉放在门前。  逐鼠    这项活动主要是对养蚕人家所说的。因为老鼠常在夜里把蚕大片大片地吃掉，人们听说正月十五用米粥喂老鼠，它就可以不吃蚕了。于是，这些人家在正月十五熬上一大锅粘糊糊的粥，有的还在上面盖上一层肉，将粥用碗盛好，放到老鼠出没的顶棚、墙角、边放嘴里还边念念有词，诅咒老鼠再吃蚕宝宝就不得好死。  送孩儿灯   简称“送灯”，也称“送花灯”等，即在元宵节前，娘家送花灯给新嫁女儿家，或一般亲友送给新婚不育之家，以求添丁吉兆，因为“灯”与“丁”谐音。这一习俗许多地方都有，陕西西安一带是正月初八到十五期间送灯，头年送大宫灯一对、有彩画的玻璃灯一对，希望女儿婚后吉星高照、早生麟子；如女儿怀孕，则除大宫灯外，还要送一两对小灯笼，祝愿女儿孕期平安。  迎紫姑   紫姑也叫戚姑，北方多称厕姑、坑三姑。古代民间习俗正月十五要迎厕神紫姑而祭，占卜蚕桑，并占众事。传说紫姑本为人家小妾，为大妇所妒，正月十五被害死厕间，成为厕神。每到迎紫姑这一天夜晚，人们用稻草、布头等扎成真人大小的紫姑肖像，与夜间在厕所间猪栏迎而祀之。此俗流行于南北各地，早在南北朝时期就见于记载。  走百病    “走百病”也叫游百病，散百病，烤百病，走桥等，是一种消灾祈健康的活动。元宵节夜妇女相约出游，结伴而行，见桥必过，认为这样能祛病延年。走百病是明清以来北方的风俗，有的在十五日，但多在十六日进行。这天妇女们穿着节日盛装，成群结队走出家门，走桥渡危，登城，摸钉求子，直到夜半，始归。 偷菜节   流行于贵州省黄平一带苗族的偷菜节也是在每年农历正月十五日举行。节日这天，姑娘们便成群结队去偷别人家的菜，严禁偷本家族的，也不能偷同性朋友家的，因为偷菜与她们的婚姻大事有关。所偷的菜仅限白菜，数量够大家吃一顿即可。偷菜不怕被发现，被偷的人家并不责怪。大家把偷来的菜集中在一起，做白菜宴。据说谁吃得最多，谁能早得意中人，同时所养的蚕最壮，吐出的丝也最好最多。   巴乌节   彝族的传统节日巴乌节在农历正月十五。“巴乌”意为“打猎归来”。见于云南鹤庆彝族支系黑活人居住区。时此节原本是欢庆狩猎归来的习俗活动，无固定节日。 中国各地元宵节习俗   元宵节习俗在全国各地也不尽相同，以下介绍几个主要城市与地区的不同习俗： 北京 老北京最热闹的节日不是春节，而是元宵节。从农历正月十三到正月十七，北京的老百姓要整整娱乐五昼夜。老北京的元宵节，最重要的活动是赏灯。明代北京的灯市在东城灯市口，元宵夜，街道两旁列市，上至珠宝玉器，下至日用百货，一应俱全，各铺户俱张挂绢纱、烧珠、明角、麦秸、通草制成的各式花灯，供人观赏。到了清代，灯市遍布整个北京城。  河北省 永平府元宵节，有病的妇女群聚窑下，称“陶灸”。儿女交错度桥，称“度百厄”。也有人以纸裁剪为九条纸绳，信手打结以卜休咎，称“结羊肠”。又以十二个面盏贮油放入锅中蒸熟，以面盏积水之多寡来预卜该月的晴雨。静海县上元节以大馒头为节食。庆云县元宵节男子请五祖教拳棒，女子请紫姑卜休咎。 安徽省 临近元宵这几天，淮南市大通区上窑镇的街道社区和乡村田野里，各种民俗文艺表演一场接着一场。扭花鼓灯、耍龙灯、狮子滚绣球、高跷、抬阁、花棍、花灯、伞灯、旱船、独竿桥等多彩多姿的表演，不仅把新年的气氛推向高潮，而且也让十里八乡的老少爷们领略了独特的淮河风情文化。   淮河两岸 旧有“正月十五大似年”的说法。年初一到初三的大年三天，人们忙于辞旧迎新、探亲访友，顾不上吃顾不上玩，元宵节才是年味最浓的时刻。  阜阳人民勤劳聪明，在长期的生产和生活实践中，不断发展创造，形成独具特色的群众文化。有形式活泼、内容丰富的曲艺，有独具地域特色的民间舞蹈和戏剧。每年的农历正月十五，这些异彩纷呈的群众文化汇聚成独具特色的阜阳灯会。   阜阳灯会始于隋唐，盛行于明代。宋代欧阳修在颍州任太守时曾写下“去年元月夜，花市灯如昼。月上柳梢头，人约黄昏后。今年元夜时，月与灯依旧，不见去年人，泪满春衫袖”一诗，说明宋代阜阳的灯会已很盛行。每年农历正月十五便是传统的灯会，每到这一天，群众都会自发地把自己扎制的花鸟虫鱼兽灯、十二生肖灯等等各种不同造型的彩灯悬挂自家门前。元宵佳节灯会期间还要唱一些大戏，有一台戏或两台以上的戏对唱，又称之为“戏台戏”。同时，各家还燃放各种焰火助兴。 山西省 挂花灯，是山西人民欢庆元宵节必备的一种形式。每逢元农宵节来临之时，家家户户都挂起各式各样的灯，从十四至十六，每晚都开，远远望去，楼房张灯结采五颜六色，将整个城市装扮的富丽辉煌，各单位也争相制作各种各样的花灯，在街上挂起，供人们欣赏，花灯样式之多，数不胜数，有动物的，有生肖，有谜语猜谜的，有宫灯的，有现代电器的，也是歌颂现代人新生活的，飞机，火箭，飞船的，有鼓灯、润饼灯、鱼虾鸡鸭鹅灯、柑桔香蕉菠萝灯、宫灯、如意灯、料丝灯、玻璃灯、走马灯……形形色色，异彩纷呈。   放焰火，为山西人民元宵节最为喜人的活动。元宵节夜在广场都要进行放烟火活动，到时全家都走到大街上，去看那美丽的烟火，烟火越来变得越美，越来越大，科技含量越来越高，颜色越来越美越来越艳丽。   文艺踩街，堪称民间文化化妆大游行。“装扮故事，盛饰珠宝，钟鼓喧天，一国若狂”。（明间乔元《闽书》）。从十四到十六，连续三天各县区的都组织大大小小的各种文艺汇演到市里来，有民间艺术，有现代艺术展示，有传统文艺，有古老乐曲，有八音会，有古装戏，花样之多，数不胜数。办大型灯展。各单位都想声，光，色俱全的大型灯展在街上展出。有代表吉祥的，有代表幸福的，有代表古老传说的，都带有启迪意义的。  山东省 淄博市淄川区的元宵节临水人家多放河灯。泰安市宁阳县的元宵送灯至祖坟。滨州市博兴县的元宵节有照灯的习俗。男孩子提著灯，绕枣树六圈，口念“嘟佬嘟佬，开花结枣”六遍，就能使枣树丰收。日照市掬县男女老少于正月十六到野外踏青，称之“走老貌”，据说每年走一次可永葆青春年少。  河南省 襄城县元宵吃馄饨汤，称之“团圆茶”，娘家接已嫁的女儿回家过节，县元宵庆灯时，老幼有病者，皆以火灸石龟。本地有河桥的，相率过桥。若无桥，则以木板搭数丈高之“天桥”，称为“走百病”。  陕西省 凤翔县於元宵节宴请女儿、女婿，称之“吃十五”。并送灯、送油，称之“添油”。  江苏省 武进区上元日绑缚芦苇成丈许之火炬，插於田间，称“照田财”，用来预卜早潦。火色白者为水，红者为旱。宜兴上元日，儿童戴鬼面具，屈脚振肩而跳，称之“跳鬼”。  浙江省 杭州民间传正月十五为上元天官赐福之辰，多斋素诵经，匍匐至吴山礼拜。海宁县元宵节以精致的菊花灯为最出名。上虞县少於元宵节晚上到戡恃月台上较量武艺。建德县人家有新娶媳妇的，於元宵节设酒祭床。  江西省 新建县民于元宵扫墓插竹为灯。万安县城各乡均於元宵节祀上元神舟。  湖北省 云梦县（今之江汉）老农夫於元宵夜持火炬偏照田圃，叫“照绝地蚕”。儿童则以田鼓迎神，以卜岁事。武昌的“弄龙”要一连三天。全村的男女老少都跟随龙灯到邻村赴宴，称为“龙换酒”。  湖南省 常德上元各家以椒为汤，加入韭菜儆果诸物款待客人，称为“时汤”。新田县游完龙灯后，将龙灯付之一炬，称为“送灾”。  四川省 四川元宵有“四偷”的习俗：“一偷汤圆二偷青，三偷檐灯四偷红。”除了偷青是为了强身外，其馀皆为求子的习俗。开县有「对骂」的习俗。元宵节时人们搬板凳到户外去，将平日之怨气，尽皆骂出，被骂之人不得回骂。  福建省 泉州花灯别具特色，有香灯、纸折莲花灯、丝料宫灯、八结灯等等。邵武县元宵夜境内庙宇绕境迎香，称为“净街”。福建南部有元宵节两村儿童互掷石为戏的习俗。据说若不掷石，那个村子必定发生瘟疫。  广东省 新安县民有於去年生男者，皆於元宵夜庆灯。南雄闹花灯时，父母取龙灯上之龙须线给小儿系带，据说可保儿童无疾病。又取龙灯内残存的蜡烛照床下，据说可以产贵子。文昌县民元宵夜偷青时，偷中的以挨骂为吉祥之兆，偷不中者则以不挨骂为吉兆。  云南省 云龙县於元宵节前迎三崇神，沿街立棚祭祀。弥勒州元宵后一日燃香於桥，投石水中，再取水洗眼，据说可以去疾病。   台湾省 在台湾还有未婚女性在元宵夜偷摘葱或菜将会嫁到好丈夫的传统习俗，俗称：“偷挽葱，嫁好尪”、“偷挽菜，嫁好婿”。希望婚姻美满的女孩，要在元宵之夜到菜园里偷摘葱或青菜，期待未来家庭幸福。 音乐夕阳无限好 - 纯音乐.mp3 夕阳无限好 - 纯音乐.mp3

 

www.ddhw.org---

夏天过去了，

摘下帽子，

光头关公来也！

仅关

  @@@@后悔了，太八股了！！其实我都没来得及看完，该罚，自饮酒3杯！

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夏天过去了，

摘下帽子，

光头关公来也！

veil

  大牌也出错

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拜晴MM所赐, 帅

游乐嬉子

  麻麻呀，这学问太多了！ 关公选的音乐总是很好听！

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大清太平

本贴由[大清太平]最后编辑于：2014-2-12 19:43:19   ---

三公子

  新规定：学习元宵节知识，考试通过才可以吃元宵，不然就等明年吧。嘿嘿

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veil

  以后会有中国式KFC，麦当劳，披萨

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拜晴MM所赐, 帅

大清太平

Shanghai Warms Up To A New Cuisine: Chinese Food, American-Style by FRANK LANGFITT February 12, 2014 6:32 AM Listen to the Story Morning Edition 4 min 17 sec Playlist Download Transcript Imagine living in China and missing Chinese food. It happens. American expatriates who grew up with popular takeout dishes like General Tsao's chicken can't find it in China because it doesn't exist here. Much of the Chinese food we grew up with isn't really Chinese. It's an American version of Chinese food. Chinese immigrants created it over time, adapting recipes with U.S. ingredients to appeal to American palates. Now, Americans living in Shanghai can get a fix of their beloved Chinatown cuisine at a new restaurant called Fortune Cookie. A pair of American entrepreneurs launched Fortune Cookie last year to cater to nostalgic expatriates and local Chinese. The venture could be seen as one big prank — the culinary equivalent of coals to Newcastle. "A lot of people called us crazy and were banking on us closing after six months," says co-owner Fung Lam, 31, who grew up in North Jersey. “You have no idea how hard it is to write a fortune when you have to come up with 120 of them in one night. - David Rossi, Fortune Cookie co-founder Eight months later, though, the doors here are still open, and Lam is hopeful he can find a market. "American-Chinese food is another regional cuisine for China," he says, likening it Sichuan, Hunan and Cantonese food, which seems a bit of a stretch. Lam is a third-generation Chinese-American restaurateur. His grandfather was from Hong Kong and opened his first restaurant in Brooklyn in the 1960s. Lam spent his teenage years packing takeout boxes in one of the family's restaurants in New Jersey. Fortune Cookie's core demographic includes patrons like Megan Emery Moore, who teaches art at Shanghai American School. Emery Moore grew up in a town of 20,000 in Missouri, where she waitressed at a Chinese restaurant. "They had amazing sweet-and-sour chicken," she recalls, "so ever since then, I was always like: I've got to get more that was just like that." As we chat, Emery Moore digs into a plate of sweet-and-sour chicken covered in sauce and pineapples. "It's kind of embarrassing that you're in China eating American-Chinese food, but it was just spot on," says Emery Moore, referring to her meal. She says the food transports her to another place and time. "I feel calm. I feel relaxed. I feel like I'm at home." No Taste Like Home The food at Fortune Cookie tastes like home because many key ingredients — Skippy peanut butter, Motts applesauce and Philadelphia cream cheese — originate there. Motts goes in the duck sauce as well as the chili sauce for spring rolls. Skippy is used in fried noodles and fried rice. Cream cheese serves as filling in Crab Rangoon, a deep-fried dumpling appetizer. Standing in the restaurant's cramped kitchen next to a bubbling wok of sweet-and-sour sauce, Lam reveals the secret behind the dish Megan Emery Moore swears by. "Off the top of my head, about one-third of it is Heinz ketchup," says Lam matter-of-factly. That's "what gives it that bright, red-orangey color. It's the Heinz ketchup." When Lam came to Shanghai in 2012, he didn't plan to open a place like this. He and his business partner, David Rossi, who met in a master's program in hospitality management at Cornell University, planned a quick-service restaurant that focused on healthy food. When that concept ran into trouble — China is a notoriously tough place to do business — the pair considered what was missing from the burgeoning culinary scene in this city of 24 million. "If you're out here, there are so many pizzerias and burger places and bistro bars and tapas ... so you almost don't even miss being in the States," says Lam. But when he went looking for the Chinese comfort food his family made back home, he couldn't find it. "A light bulb went off," says Lam, who wears a pinstripe apron and black, backwards baseball cap. Intro To Fortune Cookies And Takeout Boxes Getting Fortune Cookie up and running wasn't easy. The owners sourced the restaurant's namesake, a treat that's unheard of in China, from a factory in neighboring Jiangsu province that exported to the Netherlands. When the sample fortune cookies arrived, they cracked them open to find all the fortunes were written in Dutch. With the restaurant's opening just days away, panic set in. "You have no idea how hard it is to write a fortune when you have to come up with 120 of them in one night," says Rossi, 33, who grew up in South Pasadena, Calif. “Hmmm. This is like glutinous rice. It also tastes like a street-side pancake. I've never been to America, so I'm not quite clear about this thing. - Jack Zhang, tasting his first fortune cookie Rossi says the first 40 fortunes they wrote were pretty good, but by 2 a.m., their imaginations were spent. They wrote single-word messages such as "Yes" and "No." Guests were not impressed. "Who wrote this?" Rossi recalls one bewildered customer complaining as he cracked open a cookie. "This is horrific!" The restaurant now has a box where customers can suggest their own fortunes. Chinese people make up about 40 percent of the lunch crowd at Fortune Cookie these days, and they seem to enjoy the food. Earlier this week, George Zhao, a management consultant who spent eight years in Melbourne, praised his dish of beef and broccoli. But Zhao said, in general, Westernized Chinese food lacks the subtly of the original cuisine. "For example, the sweet-and-sour pork — the pork is too sweet," said Zhao. "In China, we don't eat food this sweet." A few booths away sat Jack Zhang, who works in advertising. A Chinese colleague brought him here to taste a new kind of food. After a plate of orange chicken, Zhang bit into his first fortune cookie. He furrowed his brow and searched for the words to describe it. "Hmmm. This is like glutinous rice," he said in Mandarin. "It also tastes like a street-side pancake. I've never been to America, so I'm not quite clear about this thing." Another thing at Fortune Cookie that intrigues people here are the white cardboard takeout boxes with wire handles and red pagodas on the side. Ubiquitous in America, they are known to Chinese only through scenes in Hollywood movies. When the restaurant staff saw them for the first time, they were so excited, they took photos. Then, with Lunar New Year approaching, they loaded up some boxes and fortune cookies and took them home to show their families.   www.ddhw.org---