原作者:田苗
牢里关了三个囚犯A、B、C。他们知道他们里面有两个将会被处死,但不知道是哪两个。
囚犯A知道,如他问狱长他自己是不是会被处死,狱长肯定不会告诉他。所以他就问狱长能不能告诉他其他一个会被处死的是谁。
狱长想了想,告诉他是C。
A听了后,这样想:在他知道C会被处死前,他自己会被处死的机率是2/3。现在他知道了C会被处死,另一个会被处死就是他和B之间的一个,那么他会被处死的机率就是1/2。
A很高兴,想,他仅仅从狱长那里了解到另一个会被处死的是谁,他就把他自己会被处死的机率从2/3降低到了1/2。
A想得对吗?
"狱长想了想" is a very interesting statement. Because 狱长knows who will be executed. If both B and C will be executed, then 狱长only need to pick one and tell A, and does not need to think. From 狱长's reaction, I think A will be executed. |
Well,,,应该说,这是一道数学题。 “狱长想了想”也可能是想一想是否应该告诉他。对不? |
You are right. If we don't consider the狱长's attitude, then, before A knows C will be executed, A think his chance is 2/3. After A knows C will be killed, he think his chance is 1/2. The problem is that this is not a probability issue. Whether he will be executed or not is decided already. Whether he knows C's result or not have no effect on his fate. |
不对.此处概率是不变的 |
把AB, BC, AC看成是一随机试验的三个具有等概率的基本事件。事件“B或C”的概率P(B or C)=1. 故条件概率 P(A|B or C)=P(A), 即概率没有改变。至于狱长将“B或C”说成“有B”或“有C”则不是一个概率问题(因为不是在上述概率模型下随机试验的结果),也不提供任何信息,所以是无关紧要的。 |
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